Probabilistic roadmaps: An incremental sampling approach to approximate the connectivity of robot configuration spaces
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Summary form only given. For over 15 years, a major research theme in robotics has been the development of randomized sampling schemes to create efficient motion planners. The main outcome of this research has been the Probabilistic Roadmap approach (PRM) to motion planning. Originally, this approach was intended to compute collision-free paths of robots with ldquomanyrdquo degrees of freedom-at that time, 4 or more. But, over the years, successive improvements (as well as faster computers) made it possible to handle robotic systems with several dozen degrees of freedom operating in complex geometric environments. PRM was also extended to solve planning problems with motion constraints other than collision avoidance, for instance, visibility, equilibrium, contact, and kinodynamic constraints. Concurrently, PRM planning has also been applied to non-robotics applications, e.g., for animating autonomous digital characters, designing product that can easily be assembled and serviced, testing whether architectural designs satisfy building codes, providing interactive tools to navigate in huge virtual reality models, planning complex surgical operations, and studying folding and binding molecular motions. This talk will consist of two parts. First, the PRM approach and various underlying techniques, especially sampling strategies, will be reviewed. Rather than computing an exact representation of a robotpsilas configuration space, the PRM approach ldquolearnsrdquo incrementally a simplified representation of the connectivity of this space. This representation is a network of simple paths connecting configurations sampled at random. The second part of the talk will analyze the necessary and sufficient conditions under which the PRM approach works well. It will argue that the main outcome of the research on PRM planning is what the empirical success of this approach tells us about motion planning problems, rather than the approach itself.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".