An analysis of the acoustic properties of the cell cycle and apoptosis in MCF-7 cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Through the use of high frequency acoustic microscopy, the acoustic properties of cells through various stages of interphase (G1/G2), mitosis (metaphase, M-phase), and apoptosis were ascertained. The cell thickness, sound velocity, acoustic impedance, density, bulk modulus, and attenuation were determined through a quantitative analysis of the pulse echoes from the cell membrane and substrate using a 375 MHz transducer. Hoechst 33342, Annexin-V, propidium iodide, and FITC-448 Anti-cyclin B1 and D1 mouse antibodies were used to identify cell cycle stage. ANOVA and Tukey post hoc statistical tests were used to quantify differences between cell stages. A total of 174 cells, 58 within each category, were measured. A statistically significant increase in thickness (9.4–11.4 µm), and decrease in attenuation (1.20–1.05 dB/cm/MHz) was observed between G1 and G2 cells, respectively. A statistically significant increase in thickness, and decrease in acoustic impedance, density, bulk modulus, and attenuation was observed between M-phase and G1 or G2. During apoptosis, minor differences were observed between interphase and early apoptosis; however, significant differences in nearly all properties were observed as the cells progressed to late stage apoptosis. The differences found indicate considerable structural and/or organizational alterations occurring as the cell progresses through these phases.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".