Probing the Hydrophobic Interaction between Air Bubbles and Partially Hydrophobic Surfaces Using Atomic Force Microscopy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The hydrophobic interaction plays an essential role in various natural phenomena and industrial processes. Previous studies on the hydrophobic interaction focused mainly on the interaction between hydrophobic solid surfaces for which the effective range of hydrophobic attraction was reported to vary from ∼10 nm to >1 μm. Here, we report studies of the interaction between an air bubble in water used as a probe attached to the cantilever of an atomic force microscope and partially hydrophobized mica surfaces. No bubble attachment was observed for bare hydrophilic mica, but attachment behaviors and attraction with an exponential decay length of 0.8–1.0 nm were observed between the air bubble and partially hydrophobized mica as characterized by a water contact angle on the mica surface that varied from 45° to 85°. Our results demonstrate the important roles of the additional attraction at partially hydrophobized surfaces and hydrodynamic conditions in bubble attachment to substrate surfaces and provide new insights into the basic understanding of this interaction mechanism in various applications such as mineral flotation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".