Regional Emissions of Anthropogenic Halocarbons Derived from Continuous Measurements of Ambient Air in Switzerland
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Man-made halocarbons have a considerable impact on the environment. Chlorine- and bromine-containing organic compounds such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) are responsible for the decline of stratospheric ozone and their use has therefore been regulated in the Montreal Protocol. Fluoro-containing halocarbons are not regulated within this treaty, but as all halocarbons act as greenhouse gases, this group of compounds was included in the Kyoto Protocol. Halogenated ozone destroying CFCs and chlorinated solvents were continuously measured in Switzerland at a suburban site near Zürich (Dübendorf) from 1994 until 2000 and since 2000 at the high alpine site of Jungfraujoch together with all greenhouse-active halocarbons. Furthermore, all anthropogenic halocarbons were measured in a campaign in Dübendorf in 2002. The analysis of the measurements confirms that a substantial decline of their emissions took place as a consequence of the Montreal Protocol. On the other hand, the concentration of substitutes such as hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) increased dramatically. Linking continuously measured time series with meteorological information allows an estimation of regional emissions of the regulated compounds for Switzerland. In contrast to trade survey statistics or inventories, this method is an efficient tool to track the development of diffusive emissions of substances in long term usage such as foams and refrigerant systems.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".