First report of burst-pulse vocalizations from white-beaked dolphins (<i>Lagenorhynchus albirostris</i>)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Dolphin vocalizations are generally categorized as tonal whistles or pulsed clicks. Pulsed signals in dolphins are usually associated with echolocation, however an increasing number of species are found to produce burst pulse signals which may be used for communication. Groups of white-beaked dolphins (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) were recorded from a 4.2 m rigid inflatable boat near Halifax, Canada with a hydrophone towed 25 m behind the boat at a depth of approximately 5m, and an M-Audio 24/96 digital recorder (16 bit, 96 kHz). During one 23-minute encounter, 11 burst pulse segments were recorded. Mean burst pulse duration was 0.83s (SD 0.51, range 0.22s - 1.74s). Seven segments with high signal to noise ratios were manually selected for analysis in Matlab. Mean pulse rate was 765 Hz (SD 182.2, range 552 Hz - 941 Hz). These durations and pulse rates are similar to those reported for other dolphin species. These vocalizations were made immediately before the group began actively swimming away from the boat at high speed, suggesting that these vocalizations are used in agonistic encounters as suggested for other species of dolphins. This is the first time burst-pulse vocalizations have been reported in this species.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".