Long-Term Behavior and Strength of Partially Encased Composite Columns Made with Built-Up Steel Shapes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A comprehensive study has been conducted to investigate the long-term behavior and strength of partially encased composite columns made with thin-walled welded I sections stiffened with transverse links. The paper presents the strain measurement history and load deformation response of five 300×300mm and two 450×450mm stub-column specimens. Four specimens were loaded for 150 days, following a typical construction sequence, and five columns were tested up to failure. Long-term axial deformations due to shrinkage and creep of the concrete were recorded and are compared to prediction models. The tests showed that the relatively higher stresses in the steel shape due to the sequence of loading and shrinkage and creep of the concrete had no significant effect on the failure mode and ultimate capacity for this type of column. The transverse stresses in the web of the steel shape were lower in specimens subjected to long-term loading. The axial stresses in the transverse links at peak load, caused by the transverse expansion of the concrete, were found not to depend on the loading sequence.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".