Similarity of Vasorelaxant Effects of Natriuretic Peptides in Isolated Blood Vessels of Salmonids
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Natriuretic peptides (NPs) have been implicated in cardiovascular regulation in rainbow trout (Oncorhyncus mykiss), and it has been observed that the vasorelaxant activity of distinct trout and human NPs is similar in isolated trout arteries. This study characterizes the response of a variety of vessels from rainbow trout and other salmonids to different NPs. The effects of heterologous (rat atrial and human atrial) and homologous (rainbow trout atrial and rainbow trout ventricular) NPs were examined in precontracted efferent branchial arteries from rainbow trout (O. mykiss, Kamloops strain), lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis), and in rainbow trout celiacomesenteric arteries and anterior cardinal veins. The response to mammalian NPs was also examined in efferent branchial arteries from the steelhead (O. mykiss, Skamania strain), coho salmon (Oncorhyncus kisutch), brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), and brown trout (Salmo trutta). In general, there were relatively few differences that were species, peptide, or vessel specific. There was no difference in the sensitivity (concentration producing a half-maximal response EC(50)) or efficacy (percent relaxation, i.e., E(max)) of trout or whitefish efferent branchial arteries to any NP, except human NP, which was significantly less effective (greater EC(50) and lower E(max)) in whitefish arteries. There were no differences in E(max) of mammalian NPs in efferent branchial arteries from any species, and only coho and brook trout had significantly different EC(50)'s (coho, 1.0+/-0.2 nM; brook trout, 4. 2+/-0.6 nM; and other species, from 1.9 to 3.5 nM). Rainbow and coho anterior cardinal veins were less sensitive than arteries to mammalian NPs (EC(50)'s; 8.8+/-2.0, 2.0+/-0.1 vs. 3.0+/-0.9, 1.0+/-0. 2, respectively), whereas brown trout veins were more sensitive (1. 0+/-0.2, 3.5+/-1.3, respectively). Sodium nitroprusside (SNP), which activates soluble guanylate cyclase, was vasodilatory, albeit significantly less potent than all NPs, in efferent branchial arteries of all species. SNP was significantly more potent in trout than whitefish efferent branchial arteries, whereas it was equally efficacious in these vessels. These results demonstrate that multiple vessels from various salmonids are similarly responsive to the vasorelaxant effects of a variety of NPs and that the salmonid NP receptor has relatively little ability to discriminate between homologous and heterologous peptides. We conclude that the vascular NP receptor complex is highly conserved among salmonids. Further, salmonids utilize cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) elevations for reductions of vascular tonus by both particulate and soluble guanylate cyclase pathways.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".