China Three Gorges Project Resettlement: Policy, Planning and Implementation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Since the construction of the Three Gorges Project was approved at the fifth plenary session of the seventh National People's Congress in April 1992, more than ten years have elapsed. This massive hydroelectric project, which will take a total of 17 years to be completed, is now at its peak stage of construction. Many scholars and experts have expressed concerns about the various problems resulting from its construction, such as siltation, other environmental impacts and resettlement. Among these, the resettlement problem is the most challenging. Based on over six months of investigation in the Three Gorges in 2001, and an overview of resettlement literature, this paper examines the development of the resettlement policy, planning, and challenges to the implementation of the resettlement plan. Focusing primarily on rural resettlement, and including data from case studies, it addresses the evolution and recent changes to resettlement policy and practice, and presents recommendations for development of the resettlement work. Great strides have been made in effective implementation of resettlement policy and plans in China and the Three Gorges Project. However, constraints in the Three Gorges physical and economic environment continue to precipitate necessary change to resettlement policy and planning. New standards for displacement compensation must continue to be explored, and fuller participation of the displaced must be sought to avoid the social and economic risks of impoverishment in the Three Gorges.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.009 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".