<scp>C</scp>2‐mediated decrease in <scp>DNA</scp> methylation, accumulation of si<scp>RNA</scp>s, and increase in expression for genes involved in defense pathways in plants infected with beet severe curly top virus
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cytosine methylation is one of epigenetic information marked on the DNA sequence. In plants, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) target homologous genomic DNA sequences for cytosine methylation. This process, known as RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM), plays an important role in transposon control, regulation of gene expression and virus resistance. In this paper, we demonstrate that the C2 protein encoded by a geminivirus (beet severe curly top virus, BSCTV) mediated a decrease in DNA methylation of repeat regions in the promoters of ACD6, an upstream regulator of the salicylic acid defense pathway, and GSTF14, an endogenous gene of the glutathione S-transferase superfamily that is implicated in numerous stress responses. C2-mediated decreases in DNA methylation reduced accumulation of the siRNAs derived from the promoter repeats and enhanced the steady-state expression of both ACD6 and GSTF14 transcripts. Reduced accumulation of BSCTV-derived siRNAs was detected in BSCTV-infected plants, but not in plants infected with C2-deficient BSCTV (c2(- ) BSCTV). C2 protein exhibited no siRNA-binding activity. Instead, our results revealed that C2 protein-mediated decreases in DNA methylation appeared to affect the production of siRNAs that are required for targeting and reinforcing RdDM, a process that activated expression of defense-related genes that are normally dampened by these siRNAs in the host plants. However, C2-dependent reduction in virus-derived siRNAs also benefits the viruses by disrupting the feedback loop reinforcing DNA methylation-mediated antiviral silencing.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".