North Atlantic Oscillation–induced changes of the upper layer circulation in the northern North Atlantic Ocean
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Hydrographic data of the 1990s along World Ocean Circulation Experiment sections A1E (Greenland‐Ireland) and A2 (Newfoundland‐France) indicate a redistribution of cold, low‐saline subarctic waters and warm, saline subtropical waters in the upper layer of the northern North Atlantic within about 2 years after the North Atlantic Oscillation had turned from a period with strong westerlies until 1995 to a period with weak westerlies in 1996 and 1997. In the latter period, subarctic waters spread preferably southward along the continental slope east of Newfoundland rather than eastward with the North Atlantic Current (NAC) into the Irminger, Iceland, and West European Basins. As a consequence, the Subarctic Front and the associated NAC shifted eastward in the Newfoundland Basin, where subarctic waters accumulate, and westward in the Iceland Basin, where a large, warm, and saline anomaly was found in 1996 and 1997, indicating a contraction of the subpolar gyre. In the Irminger Basin the anomaly occurred in 1998 and 1999. Whereas the cyclonic circulation in the Irminger and Iceland Basins weakened, it intensified in the Newfoundland Basin, where a strengthened Labrador Current retroflection joined the NAC. This and the increased anticyclonic recirculation of subtropical waters in the Newfoundland and West European Basins caused a considerable reduction of the northward heat transport across 47°N in the upper layer in 1997. The anticyclonic circulation occurring in the West European Basin suggested a northward expansion of the subtropical gyre.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".