Diets and distributions of Leach’s storm-petrel (Oceanodroma leucorhoa) before and after an ecosystem shift in the Northwest Atlantic
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Grand Bank ecosystem has undergone significant shifts during the past two decades owing to oceanographic and fishing effects. Effects on upper trophic level seabirds (dietary shifts, reduced reproductive performance) have been mediated through changes in the biology and behaviour of capelin ( Mallotus villosus (Müller, 1776)), the focal forage species. To explore for effects at lower trophic levels, we combine dietary (1987–1988, 2003–2006) and distributional (1966–1990, 1998–1999) data for Leach’s storm-petrel ( Oceanodroma leucorhoa (Vieillot, 1818)), a small, abundant, and highly pelagic seabird. Fish and crustaceans formed the bulk of nestling diet at two colonies, with fish dominating in all sampling periods and years (occurrence >70%, reconstructed mass >75%). Five families were represented, but mature myctophids (glacier lanternfish ( Benthosema glaciale (Reinhardt, 1837)), horned lanternfish ( Ceratoscopelus maderensis (Lowe, 1839)), Protomyctophum arcticum (Lütken, 1892)) and sandlance (genus Ammodytes L., 1758) dominated. Crustaceans occurred frequently but typically comprised ≤10% by mass; Hyperia galba (Montagu, 1813) dominated this prey class. General diet composition was similar through time with birds relying heavily on myctophid fishes in 1987–1988 and 2003–2006. Crustacean diversity, however, declined with fewer species of hyperiid amphipods and no small euphausiids (genus Thysanoessa Brandt, 1851) consumed in 2003–2006. The latter parallels changes in spring diets of capelin and winter diets of murres (genus Uria Brisson, 1760) in the region. Associations of storm-petrels with deep water are consistent with the predominance of mesopelagic prey in their diets.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".