Comparison of Analgesic Methods for Total Knee Arthroplasty: Metabolic Effect of Exogenous Glucose
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This study was set up to assess whether postoperative suppression of gluconeogenesis by dextrose infusion would be influenced by continuous peripheral nerve block (CPNB) with local anesthetics, in comparison with epidural and with intravenous analgesia. METHODS: Twenty-seven patients, undergoing elective primary total knee arthroplasty for osteoarthritis, were randomly allocated to one of the three groups of 9 patients each: patient controlled analgesia (PCA) with i.v. morphine, epidural with bupivacaine 0.1% and fentanyl 3mug/ml, or continuous femoral and sciatic blocks with ropivacaine 0.2%. Endogenous glucose production, an index of gluconeogenesis, and glucose clearance, an index of whole body glucose uptake, were assessed on the second postoperative day by measuring [6,6-(2)H(2)]glucose kinetics after an overnight fast (fasted state), and during a 3-h period infusion of dextrose at 4 mg/kg/min (fed state). Visual analog scale (VAS) at rest and at knee flexion, use of morphine, mobilization, nutritional intake, and bowel function were also collected. RESULTS: Endogenous glucose production was totally suppressed by 3 h of dextrose infusion in all 3 groups (P < .001) while glucose clearance was unchanged. Blood glucose and insulin increased (P < .001), while glucagon decreased, with the greatest change in the epidural group (P < .05). VAS at rest and at knee flexion was significantly lower in patients receiving epidural and CPNB compared to i.v. morphine (P < .05). Restoration of bowel function, assessed as return of bowel movements, was faster in the CPNB group (P < .05). CONCLUSION: Excellent analgesia was achieved in the epidural and continuous nerve block groups. Postoperative gluconeogenesis was totally suppressed by dextrose infusion independent of the analgesia technique with no change in glucose utilization.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".