Rhizotoxicity of cadmium and copper in soil extracts
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) influences metal speciation in soil solutions and, hence, metal toxicity. Root-elongation experiments were conducted to examine the effect of soil solution components, such as Ca, H, and DOM, on metal rhizotoxicity. A biotic ligand model (BLM) was tested for its ability to predict the rhizotoxicity of Cd and Cu in soil extracts. It was hypothesized that the concentration of Cd and Cu bound to functional groups at the root surface estimated using a BLM would be a better predictor of rhizotoxicity than the free-metal ion activity in solution. Both metals became less toxic at higher DOM, Ca, and H concentrations. Solution speciation and the effect on root growth explained most of the variability observed in the DOM experiments, but not in the cation experiments. It was concluded that Ca and H inhibited the rhizotoxicity of both metals tested. Rhizotoxicity data correlated better with estimates of metal-root complexes that have been estimated with a BLM than with free-metal ion activity or with total metal concentrations. The BLM seems to be a promising approach for predicting metal availability in soils and for assessing the associated risk.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".