Presence of the latent membrane protein 1 gene in nasopharyngeal swabs from patients with mucosal recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is the most common head and neck malignancy in southeastern China and Taiwan. Early detection of the local disease followed by timely and appropriate treatment is essential to increasing cure and survival rates. Detection of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genomic DNA, such as the latent membrane protein 1 gene (LMP-1), in patients postirradiation during follow-up may indicate mucosal recurrence. METHODS: Seventy-one patients with NPC underwent serial nasopharyngeal swabs for LMP-1 polymerase chain reaction assay before, during, and after irradiation. All of patients achieved a complete disease remission of the LMP-1 gene after irradiation that lasted for at least 6 months. RESULTS: The median LMP-1 disease remission time after the beginning of irradiation was 4.3 weeks. Patients with early LMP-1 disease remission (</= 4 weeks after the beginning of irradiation) and delayed LMP-1 disease remission (> 4 weeks) had 3-year local control rates of 93.5% and 76.9%, respectively (P = 0.0529). The LMP-1 gene was detected again (reexpression of LMP-1 [re-LMP-1]) in 10 patients after irradiation with at least 6 months of follow-up. Nine of 10 patients (90%) in the re-LMP-1 positive group and 2 of 61 patients (3.3%) in the re-LMP-1 negative group developed local recurrence. Mucosal recurrence developed in nine patients, and all displayed re-LMP-1. By detecting re-LMP-1 using nasopharyngeal swabs, mucosal recurrence was diagnosed with a sensitivity of 100% (9 of 9 patients) and a specificity of 98.4% (61 of 62 patients). The 3-year overall survival rate, the disease free survival rate for the entire group, and the estimated local mucosal control rates in the re-LMP-1 positive and re-LMP-1 negative groups were 86.5%, 76.5%, 19.4%, and 96.7%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Expression of EBV LMP-1 in nasopharyngeal swab specimens from patients with irradiated/treated NPC can provide a highly sensitive and specific method of forecasting mucosal recurrence. This investigation confirmed the reliability and feasibility of nasopharyngeal swabs in screening for mucosal recurrences in patients with NPC.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".