Paleo–sea ice conditions of the Amundsen Gulf, Canadian Arctic Archipelago: Implications from the foraminiferal record of the last 200 years
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Four boxcores were collected as part of the Canadian Arctic Exchange Shelf Study (CASES) in the Amundsen Gulf at water depths of 59 m to 600 m. Data from these cores help to develop a record of changes in the oceanographic history of the area over the last 200 years, with particular reference to the indication of paleo–sea ice formation, a key element of the Arctic ecosystem. The four sites cover a range of water depths and environments to provide a basis for comparison. The benthic foraminifera of sites CA‐06 (253 m water depth) and CA‐18 (600 m water depth) show an increase in Arctic Surface Water associated agglutinated foraminifera over the last ∼100 years (uppermost 8 to 16 cm). These are indicating a decrease in sea ice cover and in cold saline Arctic Bottom Water influence; these are similar to Canadian Arctic Archipelago postglacial faunas. This contrasts with abundant planktic foraminifera at the same stations, suggesting strong, oceanic Arctic surface influence (little freshwater) in the central Gulf. The foraminifera of sites 403B (59 m water depth) and 415B (56 m water depth), at the outermost edges of Amundsen Gulf, indicate that the present‐day location of the winter flaw lead has been in place for at least the last 100 years, with foraminiferal faunas similar to those of the Beaufort Shelf. Additionally, station 415 is on an earlier Holocene shoreline that is covered with cobbles.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".