Educational and Legislative Initiatives Affecting Residency Training in Abortion
Bibliographic record
Abstract
NEARLY HALF OF ALL PREGNANCIES IN THE UNITED STATES ARE unintended and approximately half of those are electively terminated. In 2000, approximately 1.31 million abortions were performed in the United States, but access to abortion services has decreased during the last 14 years. In 2000, 87% of US counties were found to have no abortion services and 99% of all facilities that perform more than 400 terminations per year were located in metropolitan areas. The uneven availability of abortion services influences the distance that women must travel to obtain an abortion, the cost, and the timing of termination, thereby creating barriers to access. This decrease in access has largely been attributed to a shortage of sites where abortion is provided. In 2000, there were a total of 1819 sites where abortion procedures were performed, representing an 11% decrease since 1996 and a 37% decrease since 1982. Legal restrictions, violence and harassment against clinicians who perform abortion, and the aging of clinicians who provide abortion have all been identified as factors influencing the decreased availability. The decline in abortion services has also coincided with a decline in routine abortion training in residency programs. The percentage of obstetrics and gynecology residency (OB/GYN) programs that routinely included firsttrimester abortion training decreased from 23% in 1985 to 12% in 1991. Second-trimester abortion training was routinely provided in 21% of programs in 1985 but only 7% of programs in 1991. The decision to provide abortions is multifactorial, with personal, moral/religious, experiential, situational, and professional influences. However, studies have shown that training opportunities correlate with future provision of abortion services, comprehensive options counseling, and referrals. Following the decline in routine abortion training in residency programs, medical students and professional organizations began to mobilize for reform. In 1993, in response to the shortage of abortion services and growing anti-choice activity, medical students mobilized to form Medical Students for Choice (MSFC), a grassroots organization with more than 7000 members in the United States and Canada. MSFC’s first organizing effort was to petition the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) to make abortion training a required component of OB/GYN residency programs. In 1995, responding to both the decline in residency training opportunities and the increasing shortage of abortion services, the ACGME made more explicit the requirement that all OB/GYN residency programs seeking accreditation provide routine abortion training. The ACGME requirements differentiate between spontaneous abortion and induced abortion, mandating that all residents obtain training in the management of spontaneous abortion. With respect to induced abortion, residency programs are required to provide “access to experience” and residency programs and/or individual residents with religious or moral objections are allowed to opt out of induced abortion training. This “access” can be provided as either an elective or a required rotation and, unlike other OB/GYN procedures, the mandate does not require that residents perform induced abortion procedures. The ACGME mandate took effect January 1, 1996. A survey of program directors in 1998 suggested that as many as 46% include routine first trimester abortion training. However, all surveys of training programs have been limited by low response rates, lack of resident input, and the absence of clear distinctions between “routine” and “optional” abortion training. Thus the actual prevalence of abortion training remains unknown. Enforcement of the ACGME requirement was made more difficult when the US Congress adopted what has been termed the Coats Amendment. The Coats Amendment to the Omnibus Consolidated Rescissions and Appropriations Act of 1996 (Pub L 104-134) states that residency programs will be deemed accredited by the federal government, or any state or local government that receives federal funds, even if programs fail to comply with abortion training accreditation requirements. Thus, a residency program that chooses not to provide abortion training to its students either in its own facilities or through an arrangement with another facility is protected from loss of federal funding. Similarly, state and local governments that receive federal funding must also treat these program as accredited and cannot refuse them “legal status . . . financial funding, or other benefits.” In response to constituents’ requests for clarification, the ACGME rewrote its guidelines to require that residency programs with a moral or religious objection to abortion not impede students from seeking abortion training elsewhere. The Coats Amendment is not the only legislative initiative to challenge full implementation of the ACGME abortion training requirements. Several states have enacted legislation that prohibits public institutions from providing elective abortion services. Although these residency programs can still be in compliance with the ACGME requirements if they provide access to abortion training at an outside institution, these state initiatives make implementation of the ACGME requirements difficult. Recent initiatives in New York and California have attempted to increase abortion training opportunities in OB/ GYN residency programs and implement the ACGME man-
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".