The Role of IL-15 Signaling in the Induction of Innate Antiviral Responses
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Innate immunity plays a critical role against viral infections, acting as the first line of defense against pathogens. Innate antiviral cytokines are induced early in protection and play a vital role in clearance of the infection and survival of the host. Interleukin 15 (IL- 15) is a cytokine that has been implicated in the establishment of an antiviral state. It is part of the 4-alpha helix bundle family, and shares the IL-2Rβ and the common γ chain for signaling. However the 1L-15Rα directs where IL-15 will bind and carry out its functions. IL- 15Rα is present on antigen presenting cells (APCs) including dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages and assists in their activation yet it is not required on the surface of all APCs. Certain APCs can bind IL-15 through the IL-15Rα and present it in trans to other cells that do not have the alpha receptor. Unlike other cytokines which can act at a distance from the site of secretion, IL-15 is more tightly regulated since cells must both express IL-15Rα and produce IL-15 in order to present it to other cells. IL-15 is one of the only cytokines that preexists in cells and is quickly released after viral infection; hence it is very important in the innate antiviral response. It assists in the initiation of an antiviral state by causing synthesis and secretion of IFNs, release of iNOS and activation, proliferation and differentiation of NK cells. In this review we will focus on IL-15 signaling and the results of this signaling on innate antiviral responses. An understanding of the IL-15 signaling pathway will prove important in the development of novel therapies inducing early innate responses against infections and contributing to overall protection. Keywords: Innate immunity, IL-15, IFNs, viral infection, NK/NKT cells
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".