Kernel discoloration and downgrading in spring wheat varieties in western Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Kernel discolorations of wheat (Triticum spp.), as observed in black point, smudge, penetrated smudge, red smudge, and fusarium-damaged kernels, are important downgrading factors in western Canada. To determine varietal differences in the incidence of kernel discoloration and its effect on kernel grading, grain samples were taken from four Canada Western Amber Durum wheat varieties (one unregistered and three registered varieties) and six Canada Western Red Spring common wheat cultivars in 24 environments (during 4 years at six sites) in western Canada. The incidence of kernel discoloration resulted in kernel downgrading in 15 environments. In these environments, smudge damage was the major downgrading factor, followed by fusarium-damaged kernels. Penetrated smudge and red smudge were observed only in durum wheat varieties in the black-soil zone. The incidence of black point was generally not high enough to cause downgrading. For durum wheat, the unregistered variety DT 369 had the highest occurrence of downgrading, which was mainly associated with smudge damage. 'Plenty' had the lowest occurrence of smudge downgrading, but the highest fusarium downgrading. 'Saunders' and 'Garnet' had the least downgrading frequency of the common wheat cultivars.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".