Electrochemical Method for Remediation of Arsenic-Contaminated Nickel Electrorefining Baths
Bibliographic record
Abstract
At only ppm concentrations, arsenic is incompatible with the deposition of pure nickel at the cathode of a nickel electrorefining bath. We report an electrochemical method for the removal of arsenic. At a Ti/IrO 2 anode, chloride ion in the bath is oxidized to HOCl, which effects the chemical oxidation of As(III) to As(V). HOCl also reoxidizes any As(III) that might be formed by back-reduction at the pure nickel cathode, preventing cathodic reduction of As(III) to elemental arsenic or to the toxic gas arsine, AsH 3 . If, alternatively, a pure copper cathode is employed, the cathode potential can be controlled to electroseparate copper from nickel during the remediation of the bath, while achieving complete oxidation of As(III). After pH adjustment to ∼4, arsenic is removed with added Fe(III) as a chemisorbed arsenate−ferrihydrite precipitate, leaving the bath essentially free of both iron and arsenic.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".