Glucagon-like Peptide-1 in Fishes: The Liver and Beyond1
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), coencoded and expressed in the proglucagon gene in intestine and endocrine pancreas of all vertebrates, is an important regulator of insulin secretion in the postprandial state of mammals. Additionally, the hormone acts in concert with insulin to remove glucose from the plasma. In mammalian B cells, lung, intestine and brain, GLP-1 receptors activate the adenylyl cyclase/cAMP system of message transduction, with ancillary involvement of calcium and inositoltrisphosphate. While the peptide is fairly conserved in vertebrates, the fishes show dramatic biochemical and physiological differences to the situation in mammals and an incretin function in fishes is questionable. Fish GLP-1 acts preferentially on the liver, and recently enterocytes and brain membranes have been shown to be potential targets. GLP-1 actions generally oppose those of insulin and supplant or supplement those of glucagon by activating glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis and lipolysis in liver and by accelerating glucose transport and curtailing glucose oxidation in enterocytes. In brain and enterocytes, GLP-1 targets adenylyl cyclase, while in the liver adenylyl cyclase and cAMP play subordinate roles only. Although phospholipase C had been implicated in GLP-1 action, the prevalent route of message transduction in fish liver needs to be elucidated. The unique functional switch of GLP-1 from a hyperglycemic hormone in fish to a glucostatic incretin in mammals remains a matter of conjecture.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it