Myeloid Dendritic Cells Can Kill T Cells During Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) are the most potent professional antigen-presenting cells that regulate specific T-cell responses. Here we studied the ability of mDCs to kill T cells during HCV infection. We found that mDCs from chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients expressed upregulated levels of two inhibitory ligands, Fas ligand and the ligand 2 of PD-1 (PD-L2), compared to healthy mDCs. However, their expression of the ligand 1 of PD-1 (PD-L1), tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL), and B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) on the cell surface was comparable to healthy mDCs. CHC patient mDCs had cytotoxic effects on autologous patient T cells and allogeneic healthy T cells. CHC patient T cells had increased expression of PD-1 compared to healthy T cells. These results indicate that the cytotoxic activity of mDCs is upregulated to kill T cells during chronic HCV infection, which represents a novel mechanism of HCV immune evasion.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".