Heat Shock Protein 47 Is Expressed in Fibrous Regions of Human Atheroma and Is Regulated by Growth Factors and Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Heat shock protein 47 (Hsp47) is a stress protein that may act as a chaperone for procollagen. Its involvement in atherosclerosis is unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS: Hsp47 expression in human coronary arteries was assessed by immunostaining. Strong focal expression was evident in atherosclerotic, but not normal, arteries and was prevalent in the collagenous regions. Double immunostaining revealed that all cells expressing type I procollagen also expressed Hsp47. Moreover, parallel regulation of proalpha1(I)collagen and Hsp47 mRNA expression occurred with cultured human smooth muscle cells stimulated with transforming growth factor-beta1 or fibroblast growth factor-2. However, a proportion of Hsp47-expressing cells in plaque did not express type I procollagen, and this pattern could be reproduced in culture. Heat shock and oxidized LDL stimulated the expression of Hsp47 mRNA by smooth muscle cells, without a concomitant rise in proalpha1(I)collagen expression. CONCLUSIONS: These findings identify Hsp47 as a novel constituent of human coronary atheroma. Its localization to the fibrous cap, regulation by growth factors in parallel with type I procollagen, and selective upregulation by stress raise the possibility that Hsp47 is a determinant of plaque stability.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".