Dissipative structures in extremely diluted solutions of homeopathic medicines: a molecular model based on physico-chemical and gravimetric evidences
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Conductometric and pHmetric titrations of extremely diluted solutions (EDS) were performed by adding NaOH or HCl solutions at concentrations between 1 10 -2 and 1 10 -3 M. The aim of this work is to obtain further confirmation of the hypothesized presence, in the EDS, of molecular aggregates of water molecules. The measurements on the EDS evidenced some relevant differences compared to those on solutions with just water as solvent. The conductivity and the pH variations caused by adding the titrant, namely NaOH or HCl were markedly different to those of the control solutions. We suppose that the preparation procedure of the EDS could produce non-equilibrium changes in the supramolecular structure of water. The experimental results were interpreted by considering the interactions that can take place between the OH -or H 3 O + and the hypothesized molecular aggregates of water molecules, i.e. dissipative structures. A qualitative comparison was made about the nature of the driving force that leads to the formation of the complexes between the two ions deriving from water and the molecular aggregates of water molecules (dissipative structures). In this work we have introduced a new methodology to study the EDS and to have more information about the presence of the dissipative structures, i.e. the gravimetric analysis. We evaporate a known quantity of the EDS at 90C for 36-48 hours, and compare the obtained quantity of solid with the expected one given the chemical composition of the liquid, obtained via analytical measurements: atomic absorption and ICP mass. We systematically obtain that the experimental results are higher than the expected ones. The ratio of the obtained and expected results is about 3:2, putting in evidence that some water remains stable even after a very long treatment at 90C. A linear correlation is obtained between the solid weight in excess, i.e. the difference between the experimental weight of the solid obtained after the complete evaporation of bulky water and the expected weight according to the chemical composition, mg, and the conductivity in excess, namely the difference between the experimental conductivity and the expected one according to the chemical composition, E r .
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".