Solid-State Speciation of Natural and Alum-Amended Poultry Litter Using XANES Spectroscopy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
While alum amendments have shown to be effective in lowering water-soluble phosphate levels in poultry litter, the mechanism by which this occurs is not fully known. To determine the solid-state speciation of phosphate in litter samples, experiments were conducted with X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. XANES analysis reveals that, in unamended samples, phosphate is present as weakly bound inorganic as well as some organic phosphate, with some dicalcium phosphate-type calcium phosphates also present. When alum is applied in the houses, XANES results suggest that it precipitates out as amorphous Al(OH)3 and then reacts with phosphate via an adsorption mechanism. No evidence was found of aluminum phosphate precipitation in any samples.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".