Application of Subharmonic Injection Locking of LC Oscillators to LO-Based Phase-Shifting Phased-Array Architectures
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
A ninth-subharmonic injection-locking scheme is proposed for local oscillator (LO) phase-shifting-based phased-array architectures operating in the ISM band at 24 GHz. The presented architecture employs a phase-shifter at the ninth subharmonic, a high-speed regenerative comparator, and a negative- <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">gm</i> oscillator to synthesize multiple phases of ninth-harmonic LO signals from a 2.41-GHz reference at the destination and in close proximity to the RF/millimeter-wave front-end mixers with first LO at 21.69 GHz. A digital phase-shift calibration technique is discussed. The reported LO phase-shifting and synthesis scheme is implemented in IBM's 130-nm CMOS technology and consumes a total of 32 mA per LO element from a 1.2-V supply. The injection-locked oscillators have a phase-noise performance of - 107.17 dBc/Hz at 1-MHz offset from 21.51 GHz. The maximum phase-shift error at 21.69 GHz is 9.86 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">°</sup> and 2.1 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">°</sup> before and after calibration, respectively.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it