Bibliographic record
Abstract
Nonaqueous electrochemical cells using carbon as both the negative and positive electrodes have been proposed in the literature. In such “dual graphite” cells, lithium intercalates into the negative electrode, and the anion intercalates into the positive electrode when the cells are charged, depleting the electrolyte of salt. Here, the origin of the cell potential is considered first. Then, using Li/graphite test cells, intercalation into graphite is studied using electrochemical methods and in situ X‐ray diffraction. We prove that intercalated graphite exists in a series of staged phases. Differential capacity vs. voltage measurements are used to determine the voltages of the staging transitions and the compositions of the staged phases. The cell potential during anion intercalation rises to over 5 V, and we have learned that cells with electrolytes using ethyl methyl sulfone solvent can give reliable results up to 5.5 V under these highly oxidizing conditions. By contrast, ethylene carbonate based electrolytes are strongly oxidized above about 5.2 V, preventing complete loading of graphite with . © 2000 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".