Electrodeposition of Au-Sn alloys for lead-free solders: Au-rich eutectic and Sn-rich eutectic compositions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Au-Sn binary phase diagram shows that there are two eutectic alloy compositions. The first one is at ~30 at% Sn (Au-rich) with a melting point of 280°C and the second composition is at ~94 at% Sn (Sn-rich) with an eutectic temperature at 217°C. This paper summarizes work that demonstrates that both eutectic alloys can be electrodeposited from electrolytes that are non-toxic and environmentally friendly. The Au-rich eutectic alloy is electrodeposited as alternating layers of Au <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">5</sub> Sn and AuSn, while the Sn-rich eutectic alloy is electrodeposited as sequential Au <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">5</sub> Sn and Sn layers. In both cases, the entire electrodeposition process is achieved using a single solution, for each eutectic composition, without exposing the sample to air during electrodeposition. Each phase composition is attained by varying the current density only. The microstructure of as-deposited and reflowed solders is characterized and confirmed using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".