Electrodeposition of Au-Sn alloys for lead-free solders: Au-rich eutectic and Sn-rich eutectic compositions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Au-Sn binary phase diagram shows that there are two eutectic alloy compositions. The first one is at ~30 at% Sn (Au-rich) with a melting point of 280°C and the second composition is at ~94 at% Sn (Sn-rich) with an eutectic temperature at 217°C. This paper summarizes work that demonstrates that both eutectic alloys can be electrodeposited from electrolytes that are non-toxic and environmentally friendly. The Au-rich eutectic alloy is electrodeposited as alternating layers of Au5Sn and AuSn, while the Sn-rich eutectic alloy is electrodeposited as sequential Au5Sn and Sn layers. In both cases, the entire electrodeposition process is achieved using a single solution, for each eutectic composition, without exposing the sample to air during electrodeposition. Each phase composition is attained by varying the current density only. The microstructure of as-deposited and reflowed solders is characterized and confirmed using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".