Innershell Absorption Spectroscopy of Amino Acids
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
We present comprehensive measurements of the C (carbon) K edge near-edge X-ray absorption (NEXAFS) spectra of all 20 amino acids commonly occurring in nature. Qualitative trends among the spectra of amino acids with similar chemical character are identified and spectral features are compared with extensive ab initio calculations. The contributions of individual units and substitutional groups have been determined to explore their fingerprinting character using the building block concept. Several such units are found. Two that give particularly clear features in the C 1s NEXAFS spectra are the carboxyl group (which can be clearly identified by a pronounced structure due to the C 1s→π* C O transition with maximum at 288.65(5) eV) and modified phenol rings in aromatic amino acids (which give sharp C 1s→π* C C structures). The latter transitions are located around 285 eV, and their shape is specific for each aromatic amino acid. Other building blocks, such as the CNH n group and the CH, CC, CO, CN pair bonds, are also identified, although their characteristic features are less pronounced in the C K edge spectra than the carboxylic and aromatic structures. This study provides the basis for rigorous assignment of the NEXAFS spectra of the amino acids, and will be helpful in developing X-ray absorption spectroscopy for quantitative analysis of proteins.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it