Past and future chemistry changes in acidified Nova Scotian Atlantic salmon (<i>Salmo salar</i>) rivers: a dynamic modeling approach
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) populations have been extirpated from a number of rivers in Nova Scotia, Canada, as a result of acid rain. We applied the model of acidification of groundwater in catchments (MAGIC) to 35 regional rivers to estimate pre-industrial water chemistry conditions and the potential future changes in water chemistry under three acid deposition scenarios for the region. Our model results indicate that water chemistry in the study streams remained relatively unchanged until the 1950s and reached their maximum effects on pH in the mid-1970s. The main effects of acid deposition have been a decrease in pH and an increase in base cations to surface waters, as the ion-exchange processes in soils release soil cations into surface waters. We forecast future water chemistry in the rivers using three deposition scenarios: no change in sulfate deposition from year 2000 and 10% and 20% sulfate reductions per decade. We show that the more rapid the reduction in acid deposition, the faster the recovery. We also show that although stream water acidity will recover within a few decades, in most streams, base cations will not recover to pre-industrial levels within the next 100 years.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".