Effects of pH and dilution on African clawed frog (<i>Xenopus laevis</i>) sperm motility
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Effects of pH and dilution on sperm motility were examined using the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis (Daudin, 1802), as a model species. Sperm removed from adult X. laevis males were stored on ice in DeBoer's solution, rendering them immotile until activation by dilution. A series of pHs ranging from 5.5 to 7.8 and a dilution series ranging from 1:1 to 5:1 (diluent : sperm solution) were examined. Motility was assessed by constructing sperm track maps for individual spermatozoa using video recordings. pH did not significantly affect the percentage of spermatozoa with motility; however, pH 7.0 produced observably higher motility than other pH treatments. Velocities and velocity ratios were not significantly affected by the various pH treatments. A solution with a 3:1 dilution ratio resulted in the highest percentage of sperm with motility (55.3 ± 8.5%) and the highest curvilinear velocity (approximately 65 µm/s). Average path velocity, as well as the linearity and wobble of the sperm track, were also significantly affected by dilution. The results indicate that the chemistry of the freshwater environment in which X. laevis sperm must swim to the eggs may be important for successful fertilization to take place.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".