Continuous Infraclavicular Brachial Plexus Block: A Modified Technique to Better Secure Catheter Position in Infants and Children
Bibliographic record
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: The infraclavicular approach to the brachial plexus provides suitable anesthesia and also lends itself well to stabilizing and securing a catheter for a continuous infusion. We describe an approach for continuous infusions using an infraclavicular approach in children. METHODS: Twenty-five patients aged 8 mo to 3 yr, weighing 7-14 kg, scheduled for forearm and hand surgeries were studied. The infraclavicular brachial plexus was located using a nerve stimulator attached to a sheathed 19-gauge Touhy needle. The needle was inserted through the skin at 1 cm below and 1 cm lateral to the midpoint of the clavicle. The needle was advanced and directed toward the coracoid process maintaining an angle of 30 degrees with the skin. A 20-gauge epidural catheter was passed to the 5-7 cm mark through the Touhy needle. The Touhy needle was removed and the catheter left in place. Bupivacaine (1 mL/kg; 0.25%) was administered through the catheter. A continuous infusion of 0.25 mg/kg/h of bupivacaine (0.125%) was commenced near the end of surgery and continued on the first postoperative day. The continuous infusion was discontinued on the second postoperative day and intermittent boluses were administered every 4 to 6 h. In all patients the catheter was removed after 48 h. RESULTS: Twenty-four patients (96%) had a successful block. On the first postoperative day all patients were pain free (Children's Hospital Eastern Ontario Pain Scale score 4-6). On the second day, two children (8%) needed ibuprofen syrup along with a supplemental dose of local anesthesia. The catheter was passed with ease in all but four children. However, in these four patients, slight needle angulation and a bolus of 1-2 mL local anesthetic solution was required to overcome the resistance. None of the patients had catheter dislodgements or accidental removal, hemorrhagic tap, or pneumothorax. CONCLUSIONS: A modified technique for continuous infraclavicular brachial plexus block helps secure the catheter and provides effective intra- and postoperative pain relief in pediatric patients.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".