The Ottoman Empire and the American flag: patriotic travel before the age of package tours, 1830–1870
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This article examines US flag display practices among American tourists in the Ottoman Empire between 1835 and 1870. These practices emerged from the intersection of the domestic American market for depictions of citizens abroad, Ottoman regulation on foreign nationals in the Empire that required flag display on boats and camps, and the energy of Ottoman travel industry workers who helped American visitors’ extend flag display to other colloquial touristic uses. American consumers accepted patriotic flag display as a central part of travel routines in the Middle East in order to ascribe patriotic meaning to their vacations. It was the first articulation of the idea that travel was an American activity through which citizens might serve themselves and the state by representing their nation abroad as consumers. American uses of the national banner in the Empire demonstrated that, a full century earlier than previous research has indicated, leisure travel became a patriotic practice for many Americans, and that tourism and nationalism were mutually reinforcing phenomena.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it