Clinical outcome of frequent exposure to torque teno virus (TTV) through blood transfusion in thalassemia patients with or without hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection
Bibliographic record
Abstract
As a consequence of the high prevalence of TorqueTeno virus (TTV) in blood donors, thalassemia patients frequently acquire various genotypes of this virus through therapeutic blood transfusions. At present, the clinical consequences of TTV infection remain indeterminate for these patients. Here, several hundred thalassemia patients were tested for the presence of TTV and its genotypes using a combination of PCR and clone-based DNA sequencing. Approximately 10% (12/118) of the patients aged 2-20 years remained negative for TTV including eight genotypes of SENV. Ferritin, aspartate-aminotransferase (AST) and alanine-aminotransferase (ALT) levels were invariably lower in TTV-negative patients (P = 0.02, <0.01, and 0.06, respectively) than in TTV-positive patients. Patients with TTV-HCV co-infection showed elevated ferritin and ALT levels compared with patients with TTV infection alone (P < 0.02 and P < 0.01). AST and ALT levels were within the normal range for all TTV-negative patients, whereas abnormal levels of AST and ALT were seen in a significant proportion of TTV-positive patients (30.7% and 33.6%, respectively) and patients with TTV-HCV co-infections (70.0% and 56.6%, respectively). Only TTV-positive patients (28.0%) and patients with TTV-HCV co-infections (36.3%) had hyper-ferritin levels (> or =3,000 ng/ml). The genotype(s) of TTV responsible for the liver dysfunction could not be determined. However, high levels of AST and ALT were found to be correlated with detection of a higher number of TTV genotypes in the patients. The data suggests that frequent and persistent TTV infection through blood transfusion is associated with hepatic dysfunction and/or damage in transfusion dependent thalassemia patients.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".