The Relationship between Testosterone and Sexual Function in Depressed and Healthy Men
Bibliographic record
Abstract
AIM: Men with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) report high rates of sexual dysfunction, as do healthy males with low levels of testosterone. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of depression and low testosterone across various domains of sexual function. METHODS: Untreated depressed males (N = 44) and age-matched healthy controls (N = 50) had blood samples drawn to determine morning levels of total testosterone (TT) and bioavailable testosterone (BT). In addition, questionnaires regarding depressive symptoms as well as sexual function were administered. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Sexual function outcomes were measured using the Sex Effects (SexFX) Scale and depression severity was assessed with the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression-17 item (HAMD-17). RESULTS: Using TT criteria, 27.9% of men were categorically defined as hypogonadal compared to 19.3% using BT criteria. Within both TT and BT hypogonadal groups, men with MDD had lower scores on all domains of sexual function compared to healthy controls with hypogonadism. Testosterone levels interacted with MDD status to affect orgasm and desire, although not arousal. Multiple linear regression analyses revealed that depression status was the main factor influencing sexual function. Hypogonadal status was not a predictor of sexual function in this sample, although age did play a minor role in the domain of arousal. CONCLUSION: While testosterone levels appear to influence sexual function, specifically orgasm, the presence of MDD appears to be a stronger factor and has high predictive value for sexual outcomes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".