Supplementing coagulation with powdered activated carbon as a control strategy for trihalomethanes: application to an existing utility
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To support a water treatment plant in meeting trihalomethanes (THM) legislation, different THM control strategies using existing treatment processes were investigated. The effectiveness of optimised coagulation and of powdered activated carbon (PAC) (0-25 mg/L) as a mean of supplementing natural organic matter (NOM) removal was assessed. Simultaneous full-scale and bench-scale trials were performed to document THM reductions. At the plant, source and treated water total organic carbon (TOC) was monitored online. At full scale, optimised acidified alum coagulation (3.2 mg/L Al) achieved the maximum NOM removal and the lowest THMFP concentration. Although PAC (11 mg/L) showed a small reduction in TOC (7%) and taste-and odour-causing compounds, results indicated no significant THM reductions. Coagulation and PAC adsorption trials showed a good agreement between bench-scale and plant results.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".