Ab initio metadynamics study on hydronium ion dynamics at acid-functionalized interfaces: effect of surface group density
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article presents an ab initio metadynamics study of elementary hydronium ion transitions at dense arrays of surface groups with sulfonic acid head groups. Calculations simulate minimally hydrated conditions of the interfacial ionic system. The specific focus is on the influence of the surface group density on hydronium ion transport. Results reveal a high sensitivity of the activation free energy of hydronium translocations to the surface group density. A spontaneous concerted transition with low activation barrier is found at a surface group separation of 6.8 Å. When hydroniums translocate concertedly, the activation barrier of the transition drops by more than a factor of two to the value of 0.25 eV. An approach is presented to determine interaction constants of hydronium ions and anionic surface groups as well as the surface group flexibility from the analysis of frequency spectra. These properties are discussed in the context of a recently developed soliton theory of interfacial proton transport.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".