Le béton projeté : nouveaux développements et applications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents the most recent developments in shotcrete technology obtained in the last 5 years through the "Industrial Chair on Shotcrete and Concrete Repair" hosted at Laval University. The main goal of this paper is to inform those involved in the construction and repair of civil engineering concrete structures of the various possibilities of "shotcrete." The two first sections present the basic principles in pneumatic application of concrete along with the two processes in shotcrete technology, the dry-mix and wet-mix. The advantages of both processes as well as the general rules to follow in a shotcrete application are also presented and explained. The third and last section, the most important, highlights the latest developments in shotcrete technology. These developments concern the use of set accelerating admixtures in dry process shotcrete and their effects on the durability of materials, the use of liquid and powdered air-entraining admixtures in dry-mix shotcrete as well as the concept of "high initial air content" in wet mix shotcrete.Key words: shotcrete, set accelerator, air-entraining admixture, durability, setting time.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.009 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.021 | 0.010 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".