Dietary Cation–Anion Difference of Timothy as Affected by Development Stage and Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilization
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Dry dairy cows ( Bos taurus ) fed forages with a high dietary cation–anion difference (DCAD) are more likely to develop hypocalcaemia. We determined how development stage at harvest and N and P fertilization can be used to reduce the DCAD to <250 mmol c kg −1 dry matter (DM) for timothy ( Phleum pratense L.) grown on a soil high in K content. Stages of development (stem elongation, early heading, late heading, and early flowering) in spring growth, and treatments of P (0, 15, 30, and 45 kg ha −1 ) and N (0, 60, 120, and 180 kg ha −1 ) fertilization were evaluated. Concentrations of K, Na, Ca, Mg, Cl, S, and P of timothy were determined and the DCAD was calculated with a short (DCAD S ) and a long (DCAD L ) equation. From stem elongation to early flowering, DCAD S decreased from 326 to 196 mmol c kg −1 DM and DCAD L from 297 to 181 mmol c kg −1 DM; this reduction was attributed to a decrease in K concentration and a slight increase in Cl concentration with development stage. Nitrogen fertilization increased DCAD S and DCAD L only at stem elongation; the lack of a response at later stages of development is explained by the concomitant increase in both K and Cl concentrations with increasing N fertilization. Phosphorus fertilization did not affect DCAD S and DCAD L even though it increased timothy P concentration. Harvesting timothy at late heading, with an appropriate N fertilization to ensure adequate yield, is an option to produce a forage with a DCAD of <250 mmol c kg −1 . DM on a soil high in K.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".