Nonlinear behavior of piezoelectric lead zinc niobate–lead titanate single crystals under ac electric fields and dc bias
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The nonlinear behaviors of the dielectric and piezoelectric responses of 〈001〉 oriented Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3-xPbTiO3 (PZN-PT) single crystals for x=4.5% and 8% have been investigated as a function of ac electric fields and dc bias fields. At relatively low applied fields, the polarization and strain of PZN-PT single crystals poled along the 〈001〉 direction show little hysteresis and have a linear dependence on the applied field, which is a consequence of engineered domain stability. Hence the dielectric and piezoelectric coefficients of the material do not exhibit any field dependence. However, when the applied electric field exceeds a threshold value, the strain and dielectric responses become nonlinear. The dielectric and piezoelectric constants are a function of the applied field, and hysteresis loops are observed. The results suggest that the observed nonlinear behavior in the PZN-PT single crystals is caused by domain motion/switching in response to the large ac fields. A positive dc bias effectively stabilizes the domain configuration in the crystals and enhances the linear response. The threshold field, at the onset of nonlinearity, is a linear function of the dc bias field in the field range investigated.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".