Negative and zero group velocity in microstrip/negative-refractive-index transmission-line couplers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The existence of negative group velocity in the complex-mode region of an infinite length MS/NRI transmission-line coupler is shown. The negative group velocity is associated with only one of the complex modes (c-mode) and exists only when that mode is dominantly excited. The possibility of independently exciting either of the complex modes in an infinite coupler is discussed. A method is proposed for terminating a finite length coupler at one end with a two-port network which provides a matched boundary condition for the complex modes and extends the applicability of theorems and methods of infinite couplers to finite length MS/NRI-TL couplers. A circuit containing a 360° MS/NRI-TL coupler is designed and the presence of negative (and zero) group velocity is shown in design and experiment. Applications include constant with frequency phase shifters, dispersion compensation and broadside series-fed antennas with reduced-beam squinting.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".