Discovery of a Huge Young Stellar Object Interaction Region in Camelopardalis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
During the course of a wide-field VI survey of galaxies in the IC 342/Maffei Group, a large nebula, which looks like an inclined disk with a jetlike plume emerging from it, was discovered in Camelopardalis. The object is most prominent in I . The predominating disk component is 6 8 across, which corresponds to 4.0 ± 1.6 pc at the estimated distance of 2.0 ± 0.8 kpc (the Perseus Arm). The plume extends 3 8 (2.2 pc) outward from the core along a direction that is about 20° from the minor axis of the disk. The disk lies along the edge of a filament of dust and molecular gas in the Milky Way. The plume points toward the core of the filament. No large-scale emission is seen at Hα, and the nebula is invisible in Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS) images. About 30'' from the center of the disk is IRAS 04261+6339, which is a pair of unresolved Hα sources whose IRAS colors and spectra reveal them to be young stellar objects (YSOs). The northern of the two exhibits a near-infrared tail, which is 15'' (0.15 pc) long in H and directed 66° away from the plume. Although the stars are exposed, as in Class II YSOs, the spectral energy distribution of the pair rises beyond 2 μm, typical of Class I systems. It appears that they are transitional YSOs, with characteristics similar to those of Holoea (IRAS 05327+3404). The total brightness of the plume plus disk exceeds that of the stars by 1.6 mag in I , yet the V - I color is bluer by only 0.50 mag. Thus, the nebula cannot be a consequence of reflection, even allowing for differential extinction. It is tentatively identified as a remnant of an outflow from a binary YSO, glowing from the photoluminescence of silicon nanoparticles.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".