WINGATE TESTS WITH AND WITHOUT ACCOUNTING FOR INERTIA
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Wingate tests (WT) traditionally have been analyzed in 5s time blocks, without considering the moment of inertia (I) of the moving ergometer parts. This simple approach to cycle ergometry has served a purpose, but is no longer appropriate, considering current technology. This study was undertaken to compare measures of total work in 30 s (WRK), peak average power over any 5 s (PWR5) and peak power per pedal stroke (PPS) with (−I) and without considering I of the flywheel. 24 subjects (16 male and 8 female), cyclists and speedskaters (mass = 75.1 ± 10.6 kg, age = 26.5 ± 7.6 years, mean STDEV), performed a WT (31s) from a stationary start, and the greatest amount of WRK in 30s was evaluated. A stationary start allows ease of administration, and reduces the possibility of subject fatigue, which may occur during a test with a flying start (as per traditional WT protocol). Resistance was pre-set, and was measured with tension transducers placed on the flywheel belt, while velocity was measured continuously with an encoder mounted directly on the flywheel. A pedal switch recorded each complete pedal revolution. Flywheel I was estimated with spin-down trials (1.16 kgm2). Paired t-tests were used to evaluate significant differences. Actual resistance was 1.02 ± 0.11 N/kg, a value that permits higher peak power output than the traditional 0.83 N/kg. WRK-I was 21.2 ± 5.1 kJ and WRK was 21.2 ± 5.1 kJ (p > 0.28). However, PWR5-I (937 ± 245 W) was higher than PWR5 (893 ± 236 W) (p < 0.001), and PPS-I (950 ± 252 W) was higher than PPS (915 ± 246 W) (p < 0.001). For comparison, the power in the first 5s, as traditionally measured, was 868 ± 224 W. When the test is conducted from a standstill, and the best 30s of work are considered, it is apparently not necessary to consider I for estimation of WRK. However, measures of peak power output are greater when I is taken into consideration. This occurs because subjects generate a higher power output during acceleration of the flywheel than during any five seconds at a reasonably constant velocity. Ignoring the power necessary to accelerate the flywheel results in underestimation of the power generating capabilities of the subject. Supported by the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".