Noise Cancellation in Long-Range Surface Plasmon Dual-Output Mach-Zehnder Interferometers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The characterisation of dual-output Mach-Zehnder interferometers operating with long-range surface plasmon-polaritons at a free-space wavelength of$\sim$1370 nm is reported. The devices were constructed by embedding Au stripes in Cytop claddings, and consist of a symmetric Mach-Zehnder interferometer in cascade with a 50:50 coupler. By injecting electric current via probes to generate heat in the active region in one arm of the interferometer, a phase difference between the arms was thermo-optically induced, modulating the optical power of the two outputs. The outputs were complementary as expected theoretically, thus demonstrating the switching abilities of the structure. The advantages for sensing applications of a dual-output interferometer over a single-output one are a 2X larger dynamic range and the ability to cancel common noise and source fluctuations. The larger dynamic range and noise cancellation produced a minimum detectable phase shift 4X lower than obtained by monitoring a single output. The smallest value of$\Delta\phi_{\min}$obtained was$\sim$3 mrad. The structure is especially promising for (bio)chemical sensing applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".