Cytochrome P450 2D6 and Treatment of Codeine Dependence
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Oral opioid analgesics such as codeine are used extensively worldwide and are frequently misused. Codeine is a substrate of CYP2D6, a genetically polymorphic P450 enzyme, and is metabolized to the more potent drug morphine. CYP2D6 activity can be inhibited by fluoxetine, and the inhibition of morphine formation may help individuals reduce their use of codeine. Fourteen long-term users of oral opiates (principally codeine) were assessed for an open-label pilot treatment study of fluoxetine 20 mg/day combined with a brief behavioral intervention and structured tapering of the opiate. Eight subjects entered and completed the 8-week treatment. Opiate use decreased by 30% to 100% of baseline use (p < 0.0001) in parallel with a decrease in CYP2D6 activity. Fluoxetine may have a role in the treatment of opiate dependence by decreasing opiate-reinforcing properties.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".