Seasonal feeding-mode changes in the marine facultative kleptoparasite <i>Trichotropis cancellata</i> (Gastropoda, Capulidae): trade-offs between trophic strategy and reproduction
Bibliographic record
Abstract
I report the first field study of seasonal patterns of host use by a marine kleptoparasite. Trichotropis cancellata Hinds, 1843, a marine snail, is a facultative kleptoparasite, able to suspension-feed and steal food from hosts. I investigated the incidence of kleptoparasitism and suspension feeding in T. cancellata populations at six sites around the San Juan Islands, Washington State, USA, through field surveys spanning 2 years. Facultative kleptoparasitism was the dominant feeding mode in the summer (>65% of the population) for T. cancellata of all sizes at all sites, with the highest frequency of parasitism in the summer and the lowest in the winter (the snail mating season). Sexually immature snails (smaller than 5 mm) formed the only group that predominantly did not leave hosts in the winter. Females returned to hosts after their egg masses hatched (late March to early April), while males returned earlier. Tube-dwelling worms from three families are the usual hosts of T. cancellata. Snail and worm host densities were correlated. Surprisingly, host size was not a primary trait determining host use. Prevalence of infection was less than 40%, suggesting that hosts are not in limited supply. Single-snail infections were the most common, although multiple-snail infections occurred. Parasite load was not randomly distributed; an excess of infections with three or more parasites suggests that snails nonrandomly cluster on hosts. Understanding the population dynamics of this facultative kleptoparasite may shed light on the selection pressures driving the evolution of kleptoparasitism and suspension feeding and of snail adaptations to exploit their most common hosts.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".