A Method to Separate Nuclear, Cytosolic, and Membrane-Associated Signaling Molecules in Cultured Cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Direct comparison of protein distribution between the nucleus, the cytoplasm, and the plasma membrane is important for understanding cellular processes and, in particular, signal transduction, where cascades generated at the cell surface regulate functions in other cellular compartments, such as the nucleus. Yet, many commonly used methods fail to effectively separate the plasma membrane and the cytoskeleton from the nucleus, and the cytosol from the nucleosol. This problem has led to confounding results in the study of signaling pathways due to incorrect assignment of cellular localization to signaling molecules and presents challenges in the biochemical study of soluble proteins that shuttle between the cytoplasm and the nucleus. We present a simple method, based on partial membrane permeabilization with detergent followed by density gradient centrifugation, that provides rapid separation of cytosolic, nucleosolic, nuclear insoluble, and membrane components in various mammalian cell lines.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".