Tungsten nanotip fabrication by spatially controlled field-assisted reaction with nitrogen
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this report we present a straightforward new technique for fabricating nanotips. This approach is based on spatially controlling the reaction of nitrogen gas with the surface atoms of a tungsten tip in a field ion microscope (FIM). Confining this field-assisted etching reaction to the shank has enabled us to produce single-atom tips with an apex radius far sharper than the nominal 10 nm radius of curvature tips we start with. Tip sharpening is evidenced in several ways. The FIM imaging voltage drops dramatically from, typically, 4.4 to 1.6 kV. Nanotip formation is also evident from the increase in the FIM magnification and the decrease in the apex area, which are monitored throughout the experiment. A subsequent field evaporation allows the nanotip to be sequentially deconstructed to further describe the extraordinary sharp tip that was formed. We also demonstrate the utility of these nanotips for the scanning tunneling microscope.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".