Experimental evidence of reduction in attractive and repulsive forces between clay particles permeated with organic liquids
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Researchers have investigated the engineering properties of clayey soils with organic fluids to evaluate the performance of earth structures affected by chemical spills or leachate. Reported results show that when the pore water of clayey soils was replaced with organic liquids, the engineering properties of clayey soils, such as hydraulic conductivity and stressstrain behavior, varied significantly and were similar to those of fine sand silt. Variations in the engineering properties were mainly attributed to flocculation of particles due to decreases in the attractive and repulsive forces between the particles without showing any direct experimental evidence. In this study, flocculation of kaolinite and bentonite particles was investigated in the presence of water and organic liquids using an optical microscope (OM), and the first experimental evidence of soil flocculation due to pore fluid is presented. The OM results reveal that when the pore water of the soil is replaced with organic fluids, the soil particles flocculate and form a clustered structure with large pores within the flocs. The results also indicated that the degree of flocculation and the size of the formed cluster depend on the type of clay mineral and the characteristics of the organic liquid.Key words: clayey soils, organic liquids, engineering properties, attractive and repulsive forces, optical microscope.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".