Bibliographic record
Abstract
Mange tror at insulinet ble oppdaget av Frederick Banting og Charles Best i Toronto i 1921 – 22. Men hvem som var opphavet til denne oppdagelsen har i alle år vært omfattet av stridigheter. Det oppsto tidlig konflikter i forskningsgruppen i Toronto, forsterket av tildelingen av nobelprisen i 1923 til John J.R. Macleod ved siden av Frederick Banting. Nobelpristildelingen førte også til sterke innsigelser fra rumeneren Nicolae Paulescu. I 1982 publiserte historikeren Michael Bliss boken The discovery of insulin, et nitid forskningsarbeid som er blitt stående som den autoritative fremstilling av begivenhetene omkring oppdagelsen av insulinet. Bliss gir kreditt til alle de fire aktørene i Toronto: Banting, Best, Macleod og et for mange ukjent navn, James B. Collip. Det var Collip som først isolerte den pancreasekstrakten som kunne brukes i klinisk medisin.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".