Bibliographic record
Abstract
Among the many roles that angiotensin II plays in the kidney, one of the most important is the direct and indirect regulation of sodium excretion. Angiotensin II is produced within the kidney, where concentrations appear to be far in excess of those detected in plasma. High levels of angiotensin II subtype 1 receptors have been detected on the luminal side of the tubular cells in the proximal convoluted tubule, and these have been implicated in the regulation of sodium excretion. This portion of the nephron is responsible for the reabsorption of 65% of filtered sodium. It is, therefore, reasonable to assume that blockade of these receptors, using non-peptide angiotensin II receptor antagonists, will bring about an increase in renal excretion of sodium. There is, however, the possibility that, if the effect is small, downstream sites will have the capacity to reabsorb the increased sodium delivered to the distal nephron. Studies in hypertensive animal models have established that angiotensin II subtype 1 receptor antagonists stimulate natriuresis. However, the studies that have been performed to date in humans are deficient in that they have been conducted in normotensive subjects. Also, subjects have only been followed up for 6 or 8 h and thus these studies did not examine whether the observed short-term natriuresis was followed by an enhanced reabsorption of sodium. Another study, designed to overcome the deficiencies of previous studies, has investigated the natriuretic effect of telmisartan in hypertensive patients.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".